Table of ContentsPreface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix1. Getting Started with Tomcat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Installing Tomcat 1Starting, Stopping, and Restarting Tomcat 17Automatic Startup 29Testing Your Tomcat Installation 34Where Did Tomcat Come From? 352. Configuring Tomcat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38A Word About Using the Apache Web Server 38Relocating the Web Applications Directory 39Changing the Port Number from 8080 42Java VM Configuration 51Changing the JSP Compiler 54Managing Realms, Roles, and Users 55Controlling Sessions 70Accessing JNDI and JDBC Resources 75Servlet Auto-Reloading 78Customized User Directories 78Tomcat Example Applications 80Common Gateway Interface (CGI) 80The Tomcat Admin Webapp 82vi | Table of Contents3. Deploying Servlet and JSP Web Applications in Tomcat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Layout of a Web Application 93Deploying an Unpacked Webapp Directory 95Deploying a WAR File 100Hot Deployment 106Working with WAR Files 107The Manager Webapp 108Automation with Apache Ant 111Symbolic Links 1244. Tomcat Performance Tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126Measuring Web Server Performance 127External Tuning 153Internal Tuning 156Capacity Planning 164Additional Resources 1675. Integration with the Apache Web Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169The Pros and Cons of Integration 170Installing Apache httpd 174Apache Integration with Tomcat 177Tomcat Serving HTTP over the APR Connector 1946. Tomcat Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Securing the System 202Multiple Server Security Models 204Using the SecurityManager 205Granting File Permissions 208Setting Up a Tomcat chroot Jail 213Filtering Bad User Input 224Securing Tomcat with SSL 2417. Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259server.xml 260web.xml 316tomcat-users.xml 333catalina.policy 333catalina.properties 334context.xml 335Table of Contents | vii8. Debugging and Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336Reading Logfiles 336Hunting for Errors 337URLs and the HTTP Conversation 337Debugging with RequestDumperValve 342When Tomcat Won’t Shut Down 3439. Building Tomcat from Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347Installing Apache Ant 348Obtaining the Source 349Downloading Support Libraries 351Building Tomcat 35210. Tomcat Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354Clustering Terms 355The Communication Sequence of an HTTP Request 356Distributed Java Servlet Containers 366Tomcat 6 Clustering Implementation 370JDBC Request Distribution and Failover 388Additional Resources 38911. Final Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391Supplemental Resources 391Community 395A. Installing Java. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397B. jbchroot.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410C. BadInputValve.java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416D. BadInputFilter.java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426E. RPM Package Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
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