C 开发PDF版本
目录
言 前言 ..................................................................................................................................................1
第四版的改动...........................................................................................................................2
本书结构...................................................................................................................................3
致谢...........................................................................................................................................4
第一章 快速入门...........................................................................................................................17
1.1. 编写简单的 C 程序..........................................................................................17
调用 GNU 或微软编译器....................................................................................................20
Exercises Section 1.1.1 ...........................................................................................................21
1.2. 初窥输入/输出........................................................................................................21
关键概念：已初始化变量和未初始化变量.........................................................................26
Exercises Section 1.2.2 ...........................................................................................................27
1.3. 关于注释.................................................................................................................27
3 Exercises Section 1.3 ......................................................................................................29
1.4. 控制结构.................................................................................................................29
关键概念：C 程序的缩排和格式....................................................................................31
再谈编译.................................................................................................................................34
Exercises Section 1.4.2 ...........................................................................................................35
Exercises Section 1.4.3 ...........................................................................................................37
从键盘输入文件结束符.........................................................................................................39
Exercises Section 1.4.4 ...........................................................................................................39
1.5. 类的简介.................................................................................................................39
关键概念：类定义行为.........................................................................................................42
Exercises Section 1.5.1 ...........................................................................................................43
Exercises Section 1.5.2 ...........................................................................................................45
1.6. C 程序 ................................................................................................................45
Exercises Section 1.6 ..............................................................................................................47
小结.................................................................................................................................47
术语.................................................................................................................................47
第一部分 基本语言.......................................................................................................................54
第二章 变量和基本类型.......................................................................................................55
2.1. 基本内置类型.........................................................................................................55
内置类型的机器级表示.........................................................................................................57
建议：使用内置算术类型.....................................................................................................60
Exercises Section 2.1.2 ...........................................................................................................61
2.2. 字面值常量.............................................................................................................61
建议：不要依赖未定义行为.................................................................................................66
Exercises Section 2.2 ..............................................................................................................67
2.3. 变量.........................................................................................................................67
Exercises Section 2.3 ..............................................................................................................68
关键概念：强静态类型.........................................................................................................69
Exercises Section 2.3.1 ...........................................................................................................70
6
术语：什么是对象？.............................................................................................................71
Exercises Section 2.3.2 ...........................................................................................................73
Exercises Section 2.3.3 ...........................................................................................................77
警告：未初始化的变量引起运行问题.................................................................................78
Exercises Section 2.3.4 ...........................................................................................................79
Exercises Section 2.3.5 ...........................................................................................................81
Exercises Section 2.3.6 ...........................................................................................................84
2.4. const 限定符...........................................................................................................84
Exercises Section 2.4 ..............................................................................................................87
2.5. 引用.........................................................................................................................87
术语：const 引用是指向 const 的引用...........................................................................89
Exercises Section 2.5 ..............................................................................................................90
2.6. typedef 名字............................................................................................................90
2.7. 枚举.........................................................................................................................91
2.8. 类类型.....................................................................................................................93
Exercises Section 2.8 ..............................................................................................................97
2.9. 编写自己的头文件.................................................................................................97
编译和链接多个源文件.........................................................................................................99
Exercises Section 2.9.1 .........................................................................................................102
小结...............................................................................................................................104
术语...............................................................................................................................105
第三章 标准库类型.............................................................................................................112
3.1. 命名空间的 using 声明........................................................................................112
Exercises Section 3.1 ............................................................................................................115
3.2. 标准库 string 类型................................................................................................115
警告：标准库 string 类型和字符串字面值.....................................................................116
Exercises Section 3.2.1 .........................................................................................................116
Exercises Section 3.2.2 .........................................................................................................119
建议：采用 C 标准库头文件的 C 版本.........................................................................127
Exercises Section 3.2.4 .........................................................................................................127
3.3. 标准库 vector 类型.............................................................................................127
关键概念：vector 对象动态增长.....................................................................................130
Exercises Section 3.3.1 .........................................................................................................131
关键概念：安全的泛型编程...............................................................................................134
警告：仅能对确知已存在的元素进行下标操作...............................................................135
Exercises Section 3.3.2 .........................................................................................................136
3.4. 迭代器简介...........................................................................................................136
术语：迭代器和迭代器类型...............................................................................................137
Exercises Section 3.4 ............................................................................................................142
Exercises Section 3.4.1 .........................................................................................................143
3.5. 标准库 bitset.........................................................................................................143
Exercises Section 3.5.2 .........................................................................................................150
小结...............................................................................................................................150
术语...............................................................................................................................150
7
第四章 数组和指针.............................................................................................................155
4.1. 数组.......................................................................................................................155
警告：数组的长度是固定的...............................................................................................159
Exercises Section 4.1.1 .........................................................................................................160
Exercises Section 4.1.2 .........................................................................................................162
4.2. 指针的引入...........................................................................................................162
建议：尽量避免使用指针和数组.......................................................................................163
Exercises Section 4.2.2 .........................................................................................................169
关键概念：给指针赋值或通过指针进行赋值...................................................................170
Exercises Section 4.2.3 .........................................................................................................172
Exercises Section 4.2.4 .........................................................................................................177
建议：理解复杂的 const 类型的声明.............................................................................180
Exercises Section 4.3 ............................................................................................................182
4.3. C 风格字符串.......................................................................................................182
Exercises Section 4.3 ............................................................................................................188
C 风格字符串与 C 的标准库类型 string 的比较...................................................192
Exercises Section 4.3.1 .........................................................................................................194
Exercises Section 4.3.2 .........................................................................................................196
4.4. 多维数组...............................................................................................................196
Exercises Section 4.4.1 .........................................................................................................200
小结...............................................................................................................................200
术语...............................................................................................................................200
第五章 表达式.....................................................................................................................204
5.1. 算术操作符...........................................................................................................205
警告：溢出和其他算术异常...............................................................................................207
Exercises Section 5.1 ............................................................................................................209
5.2. 关系操作符和逻辑操作符...................................................................................209
Exercises Section 5.2 ............................................................................................................213
5.3. 位操作符...............................................................................................................213
Exercises Section 5.3.1 .........................................................................................................217
5.4. 赋值操作符...........................................................................................................218
Exercises Section 5.4.2 .........................................................................................................221
Exercises Section 5.4.3 .........................................................................................................222
5.5. 自增和自减操作符...............................................................................................222
建议：只有在必要时才使用后置操作符...........................................................................223
建议：简洁即是美...............................................................................................................224
Exercises Section 5.5 ............................................................................................................225
5.6. 箭头操作符...........................................................................................................225
Exercises Section 5.6 ............................................................................................................226
5.7. 条件操作符...........................................................................................................226
Exercises Section 5.7 ............................................................................................................228
5.8. sizeof 操作符........................................................................................................228
Exercises Section 5.8 ............................................................................................................229
5.9. 逗号操作符...........................................................................................................229
8
Exercises Section 5.9 ............................................................................................................230
5.10. 复合表达式的求值.............................................................................................230
Exercises Section 5.10.2 .......................................................................................................236
建议：复合表达式的处理...................................................................................................238
Exercises Section 5.10.3 .......................................................................................................239
5.11. new 和 delete 表达式........................................................................................239
警告：动态内存的管理容易出错.......................................................................................243
Exercises Section 5.11 ..........................................................................................................244
5.12. 类型转换.............................................................................................................244
Exercises Section 5.12.3 .......................................................................................................250
建议：避免使用强制类型转换...........................................................................................253
Exercises Section 5.12.7 .......................................................................................................255
小结...............................................................................................................................255
术语...............................................................................................................................256
第六章 语句.........................................................................................................................261
6.1. 简单语句...............................................................................................................261
6.2. 声明语句...............................................................................................................262
6.3. 复合语句（块）...................................................................................................263
Exercises Section 6.3 ............................................................................................................264
6.4. 语句作用域.........................................................................................................264
6.5. if 语句...................................................................................................................265
Exercises Section 6.5.1 .........................................................................................................270
6.6. switch 语句...........................................................................................................270
Exercises Section 6.6.5 .........................................................................................................278
Code for Exercises in Section 6.6.5......................................................................................278
6.7. while 语句.............................................................................................................279
Exercises Section 6.7 ............................................................................................................282
6.8. for 循环语句.........................................................................................................282
Exercises Section 6.8.2 .........................................................................................................286
6.9. do while 语句........................................................................................................286
Exercises Section 6.9 ............................................................................................................289
6.10. break 语句...........................................................................................................289
Exercises Section 6.10 ..........................................................................................................291
6.11. continue 语句......................................................................................................291
Exercises Section 6.11 ..........................................................................................................292
6.12. goto 语句.............................................................................................................292
Exercises Section 6.12 ..........................................................................................................293
6.13. try 块和异常处理...............................................................................................293
Exercises Section 6.13.2 .......................................................................................................297
6.14. 使用预处理器进行调试.....................................................................................299
Exercises Section 6.14 ..........................................................................................................301
小结...............................................................................................................................301
术语...............................................................................................................................302
第七章 函数.........................................................................................................................306
9
7.1. 函数的定义...........................................................................................................306
Exercises Section 7.1.2 .........................................................................................................311
7.2. 参数传递...............................................................................................................311
Exercises Section 7.2.1 .........................................................................................................314
Exercises Section 7.2.2 .........................................................................................................321
Exercises Section 7.2.5 .........................................................................................................328
Exercises Section 7.2.6 .........................................................................................................329
7.3. return 语句............................................................................................................330
Exercises Section 7.3.2 .........................................................................................................337
Exercises Section 7.3.3 .........................................................................................................339
7.4. 函数声明...............................................................................................................339
Exercises Section 7.4 ............................................................................................................341
Exercises Section 7.4.1 .........................................................................................................344
7.5. 局部对象...............................................................................................................344
Exercises Section 7.5.2 .........................................................................................................346
7.6. 内联函数...............................................................................................................346
Exercises Section 7.6 ............................................................................................................348
7.7. 类的成员函数.......................................................................................................348
Exercises Section 7.7.4 .........................................................................................................356
7.8. 重载函数...............................................................................................................356
建议：何时不重载函数名...................................................................................................359
Exercises Section 7.8.1 .........................................................................................................362
Exercises Section 7.8.3 .........................................................................................................366
Exercises Section 7.8.4 .........................................................................................................370
7.9. 指向函数的指针...................................................................................................370
小结...............................................................................................................................374
术语...............................................................................................................................375
第八章 标准 IO 库 ............................................................................................................379
8.1. 面向对象的标准库...............................................................................................379
Exercises Section 8.1 ............................................................................................................383
8.2. 条件状态...............................................................................................................383
Exercises Section 8.2 ............................................................................................................387
8.3. 输出缓冲区的管理...............................................................................................387
警告：如果程序崩溃了，则不会刷新缓冲区...................................................................388
8.4. 文件的输入和输出...............................................................................................389
警告：C 中的文件名......................................................................................................391
Exercises Section 8.4.1 .........................................................................................................394
Exercises Section 8.4.3 .........................................................................................................398
8.5. 字符串流...............................................................................................................398
Exercises Section 8.5 ............................................................................................................401
小结...............................................................................................................................401
术语...............................................................................................................................401
第二部分：容器和算法...............................................................................................................403
第九章. 顺序容器................................................................................................................404
10
9.1. 顺序容器的定义...................................................................................................405
Exercises Section 9.1.1 .........................................................................................................409
Exercises Section 9.1.2 .........................................................................................................411
9.2. 迭代器和迭代器范围...........................................................................................411
Exercises Section 9.2 ............................................................................................................414
对形成迭代器范围的迭代器的要求...................................................................................415
Exercises Section 9.2.1 .........................................................................................................417
9.3. 每种顺序容器都提供了一组有用的类型定义以及以下操作：.......................418
Exercises Section 9.3.1 .........................................................................................................419
关键概念：容器元素都是副本...........................................................................................421
Exercises Section 9.3.3 .........................................................................................................425
Exercises Section 9.3.4 .........................................................................................................427
Exercises Section 9.3.5 .........................................................................................................429
Exercises Section 9.3.6 .........................................................................................................431
Exercises Section 9.3.7 .........................................................................................................434
Exercises Section 9.3.8 .........................................................................................................437
9.4. vector 容器的自增长............................................................................................437
Exercises Section 9.4.1 .........................................................................................................441
9.5. 容器的选用...........................................................................................................441
Exercises Section 9.5 ............................................................................................................444
9.6. 再谈 string 类型.............................................................................................444
6 Exercises Section 9.6 ....................................................................................................446
4 Exercises Section 9.6.4 ................................................................................................456
9.7. 容器适配器.........................................................................................................459
2 Exercises Section 9.7.2 ................................................................................................463
小结...............................................................................................................................463
术语...............................................................................................................................463
第十章 关联容器.................................................................................................................466
10.1. 引言：pair 类型.............................................................................................466
1 Exercises Section 10.1 ..................................................................................................469
10.2. 关联容器...........................................................................................................469
2 Exercises Section 10.2 ..................................................................................................470
10.3. map 类型...........................................................................................................470
1 Exercises Section 10.3.1 ..............................................................................................472
2 Exercises Section 10.3.2 ..............................................................................................473
4 Exercises Section 10.3.4 ..............................................................................................475
5 Exercises Section 10.3.5 ..............................................................................................479
6 Exercises Section 10.3.6 ..............................................................................................480
9 Exercises Section 10.3.9 ..............................................................................................485
10.4. set 类型...........................................................................................................485
4 Exercises Section 10.4 ..................................................................................................486
2 Exercises Section 10.4.2 ..............................................................................................489
型 10.5. multimap 和 multiset 类型 ........................................................................490
2 Exercises Section 10.5.2 ..............................................................................................494
11
10.6. 容器的综合应用：文本查询程序...................................................................495
2 Exercises Section 10.6.2 ..............................................................................................498
3 Exercises Section 10.6.3 ..............................................................................................501
4 Exercises Section 10.6.4 ..............................................................................................503
小结...............................................................................................................................503
术语...............................................................................................................................504
第十一章 泛型算法.............................................................................................................506
11.1. 概述...................................................................................................................506
1 Exercises Section 11.1 ..................................................................................................509
关键概念：算法永不执行容器提供的操作.......................................................................509
11.2. 初窥算法...........................................................................................................510
关键概念：迭代器实参类型...............................................................................................512
1 Exercises Section 11.2.1 ..............................................................................................512
2 Exercises Section 11.2.2 ..............................................................................................515
3 Exercises Section 11.2.3 ..............................................................................................521
11.3. 再谈迭代器.......................................................................................................521
1 Exercises Section 11.3.1 ..............................................................................................523
2 Exercises Section 11.3.2 ..............................................................................................529
3 Exercises Section 11.3.3 ..............................................................................................532
关键概念：关联容器与算法...............................................................................................534
5 Exercises Section 11.3.5 ..............................................................................................535
11.4. 泛型算法的结构...............................................................................................536
2 Exercises Section 11.4.2 ..............................................................................................539
11.5. 容器特有的算法...............................................................................................539
5 Exercises Section 11.5 ..................................................................................................541
小结...............................................................................................................................541
术语...............................................................................................................................542
第三部分：类和数据抽象...........................................................................................................545
第十二章 类.........................................................................................................................546
12.1. 类的定义和声明...............................................................................................546
1 Exercises Section 12.1.1 ..............................................................................................548
建议：具体类型和抽象类型...............................................................................................549
关键概念：数据抽象和封装的好处...................................................................................551
2 Exercises Section 12.1.2 ..............................................................................................551
3 Exercises Section 12.1.3 ..............................................................................................555
4 Exercises Section 12.1.4 ..............................................................................................557
12.2. 隐含的 this 指针...........................................................................................558
建议：用于公共代码的私有实用函数...............................................................................562
2 Exercises Section 12.2 ..................................................................................................563
12.3. 类作用域...........................................................................................................563
3 Exercises Section 12.3 ..................................................................................................566
1 Exercises Section 12.3.1 ..............................................................................................571
12.4. 构造函数...........................................................................................................571
4 Exercises Section 12.4 ..................................................................................................573
12
建议：使用构造函数初始化列表.......................................................................................577
1 Exercises Section 12.4.1 ..............................................................................................579
2 Exercises Section 12.4.2 ..............................................................................................580
3 Exercises Section 12.4.3 ..............................................................................................583
4 Exercises Section 12.4.4 ..............................................................................................586
5 Exercises Section 12.4.5 ..............................................................................................588
12.5. 友元...................................................................................................................588
5 Exercises Section 12.5 ..................................................................................................591
员 12.6. static 类成员 ................................................................................................591
6 Exercises Section 12.6 ..................................................................................................593
1 Exercises Section 12.6.1 ..............................................................................................594
2 Exercises Section 12.6.2 ..............................................................................................597
小结...............................................................................................................................597
术语...............................................................................................................................598
第十三章 复制控制.............................................................................................................601
13.1. 复制构造函数...................................................................................................602
1 Exercises Section 13.1 ..................................................................................................604
2 Exercises Section 13.1.2 ..............................................................................................607
13.2. 赋值操作符.......................................................................................................608
2 Exercises Section 13.2 ..................................................................................................610
13.3. 析构函数...........................................................................................................611
3 Exercises Section 13.3 ..................................................................................................613
13.4. 消息处理示例...................................................................................................614
4 Exercises Section 13.4 ..................................................................................................620
13.5. 管理指针成员...................................................................................................620
5 Exercises Section 13.5 ..................................................................................................623
建议：管理指针成员...........................................................................................................628
1 Exercises Section 13.5.1 ..............................................................................................629
2 Exercises Section 13.5.2 ..............................................................................................631
小结...............................................................................................................................632
术语...............................................................................................................................632
第十四章 重载操作符与转换.............................................................................................635
14.1. 重载操作符的定义.............................................................................................635
习题 14.1..............................................................................................................................640
警告：审慎使用操作符重载...............................................................................................642
Exercises Section 14.1.1 .......................................................................................................643
14.2. 输入和输出操作符.............................................................................................643
Exercises Section 14.2.1 .......................................................................................................646
2 Exercises Section 14.2.2 ..............................................................................................649
14.3. 算术操作符和关系操作符.................................................................................649
Exercises Section 14.3 ..........................................................................................................651
14.4. 赋值操作符.........................................................................................................652
Exercises Section 14.4 ..........................................................................................................654
14.5. 下标操作符.........................................................................................................654
13
Exercises Section 14.5 ..........................................................................................................656
14.6. 成员访问操作符.................................................................................................656
Exercises Section 14.6 ..........................................................................................................660
14.7. 自增操作符和自减操作符.................................................................................660
Exercises Section 14.7 ..........................................................................................................665
14.8. 调用操作符和函数对象.....................................................................................665
Exercises Section 14.8 ..........................................................................................................666
Exercises Section 14.8.1 .......................................................................................................669
3 Exercises Section 14.8.3 ..............................................................................................672
14.9. 转换与类类型.....................................................................................................673
Exercises Section 14.9.2 .......................................................................................................679
警告：避免转换函数的过度使用.......................................................................................684
Exercises Section 14.9.4 .......................................................................................................688
警告：转换和操作符...........................................................................................................690
Exercises Section 14.9.5 .......................................................................................................692
小结...............................................................................................................................692
术语...............................................................................................................................693
第四部分：面向对象编程与泛型编程.......................................................................................695
第十五章. 面向对象编程...................................................................................................696
15.1. 面向对象编程：概述.........................................................................................696
15.2. 定义基类和派生类.............................................................................................698
Exercises Section 15.2.1 .......................................................................................................701
关键概念：类设计与受保护成员.......................................................................................702
Exercises Section 15.2.3 .......................................................................................................707
关键概念：C 中的多态性..............................................................................................710
Exercises Section 15.2.4 .......................................................................................................713
关键概念：继承与组合.......................................................................................................716
Exercises Section 15.2.5 .......................................................................................................719
Exercises Section 15.2.7 .......................................................................................................721
15.3. 转换与继承.........................................................................................................721
15.4. 构造函数和复制控制.........................................................................................725
关键概念：重构...................................................................................................................729
关键概念：尊重基类接口...................................................................................................730
Exercises Section 15.4.2 .......................................................................................................731
Exercises Section 15.4.4 .......................................................................................................736
15.5. 继承情况下的类作用域.....................................................................................737
Exercises Section 15.5.1 .......................................................................................................738
Exercises Section 15.5.2 .......................................................................................................740
关键概念：名字查找与继承...............................................................................................743
4 Exercises Section 15.5.4 ..............................................................................................744
15.6. 纯虚函数.............................................................................................................745
Exercises Section 15.6 ..........................................................................................................746
15.7. 容器与继承.........................................................................................................746
Exercises Section 15.7 ..........................................................................................................747
14
15.8. 句柄类与继承.....................................................................................................747
Exercises Section 15.8.2 .......................................................................................................753
Exercises Section 15.8.3 .......................................................................................................758
15.9. 再谈文本查询示例.............................................................................................758
Exercises Section 15.9.2 .......................................................................................................764
Exercises Section 15.9.5 .......................................................................................................772
Exercises Section 15.9.6 .......................................................................................................774
小结...............................................................................................................................774
术语...............................................................................................................................775
第十六章 模板和泛型编程.................................................................................................778
16.1. 模板定义.............................................................................................................778
Exercises Section 16.1.1 .......................................................................................................781
Exercises Section 16.1.2 .......................................................................................................783
Exercises Section 16.1.3 .......................................................................................................786
Exercises Section 16.1.4 .......................................................................................................789
Exercises Section 16.1.5 .......................................................................................................790
Exercises Section 16.1.6 .......................................................................................................792
警告：链接时的编译时错误...............................................................................................793
16.2. 实例化.................................................................................................................793
Exercises Section 16.2.1 .......................................................................................................801
2 Exercises Section 16.2.2 ..............................................................................................804
16.3. 模板编译模型.....................................................................................................804
Exercises Section 16.3 ..........................................................................................................807
警告：类模板中的名字查找...............................................................................................808
16.4. 类模板成员.........................................................................................................808
Exercises Section 16.4 ..........................................................................................................813
Exercises Section 16.4.1 .......................................................................................................818
Exercises Section 16.4.2 .......................................................................................................820
Exercises Section 16.4.4 .......................................................................................................826
Exercises Section 16.4.6 .......................................................................................................832
16.5. 一个泛型句柄类.................................................................................................833
Exercises Section 16.5.1 .......................................................................................................836
Exercises Section 16.5.2 .......................................................................................................839
16.6. 模板特化.............................................................................................................839
Exercises Section 16.6.1 .......................................................................................................843
Exercises Section 16.6.2 .......................................................................................................846
Exercises Section 16.6.3 .......................................................................................................848
16.7. 重载与函数模板.................................................................................................849
Exercises Section 16.7 ..........................................................................................................853
小结...............................................................................................................................853
术语...............................................................................................................................854
第五部分 高级主题...................................................................................................................857
第十七章 用于大型程序的工具.......................................................................................858
17.1. 异常处理.............................................................................................................858
15
Exercises Section 17.1.1 .......................................................................................................862
Exercises Section 17.1.3 .......................................................................................................866
Exercises Section 17.1.5 .......................................................................................................869
Exercises Section 17.1.8 .......................................................................................................874
Exercises Section 17.1.9 .......................................................................................................881
警告：Auto_ptr 缺陷.........................................................................................................882
Exercises Section 17.1.11......................................................................................................888
17.2. 命名空间...........................................................................................................888
1 Exercises Section 17.2.1 ..............................................................................................894
2 Exercises Section 17.2.2 ..............................................................................................895
未命名的命名空间取代文件中的静态声明.......................................................................897
3 Exercises Section 17.2.3 ..............................................................................................897
4 Exercises Section 17.2.4 ..............................................................................................902
警告：避免 Using 指示.....................................................................................................903
6 Exercises Section 17.2.6 ..............................................................................................910
17.3. 多重继承与虚继承...........................................................................................911
1 Exercises Section 17.3.1 ..............................................................................................913
2 Exercises Section 17.3.2 ..............................................................................................915
2 Exercises Section 17.3.2 ..............................................................................................917
本节习题的代码...................................................................................................................920
4 Exercises Section 17.3.4 ..............................................................................................921
6 Exercises Section 17.3.6 ..............................................................................................926
7 Exercises Section 17.3.7 ..............................................................................................929
小结...............................................................................................................................930
术语...............................................................................................................................931
第十八章 特殊工具与技术.................................................................................................936
18.1. 优化内存分配...................................................................................................936
2 Exercises Section 18.1.2 ..............................................................................................942
数 术语对比：new 表达式与 operator new 函数 ..............................................................942
4 Exercises Section 18.1.4 ..............................................................................................945
5 Exercises Section 18.1.5 ..............................................................................................946
6 Exercises Section 18.1.6 ..............................................................................................949
7 Exercises Section 18.1.7 ..............................................................................................955
18.2. 运行时类型识别...............................................................................................956
1 Exercises Section 18.2.1 ..............................................................................................959
2 Exercises Section 18.2.2 ..............................................................................................961
4 Exercises Section 18.2.4 ..............................................................................................966
18.3. 类成员的指针...................................................................................................966
1 Exercises Section 18.3.1 ..............................................................................................969
2 Exercises Section 18.3.2 ..............................................................................................973
18.4. 嵌套类...............................................................................................................973
2 Exercises Section 18.4.2 ..............................................................................................979
18.5. 联合：节省空间的类.......................................................................................980
18.6. 局部类...............................................................................................................983
16
18.7. 固有的不可移植的特征...................................................................................985
对链接到 C 的预处理器支持.............................................................................................992
3 Exercises Section 18.7.3 ..............................................................................................994
小结...............................................................................................................................994
术语...............................................................................................................................995
库 附录 A. 标准库 ..........................................................................................................................999
A.1. 标准库名字和头文件................................................................................................1000
介 A.2. 算法简介 ..................................................................................................................1003
A.2.1. 查找对象的算法...........................................................................................1003
A.2.2. 其他只读算法...............................................................................................1005
A.2.3. 二分查找算法...............................................................................................1006
A.2.4. 写容器元素的算法.......................................................................................1006
A.2.5. 划分与排序算法...........................................................................................1008
A.2.6. 通用重新排序操作.......................................................................................1010
A.2.7. 排列算法.......................................................................................................1012
A.2.8. 有序序列的集合算法...................................................................................1013
A.2.9. 最大值和最小值...........................................................................................1014
A.2.10. 算术算法.....................................................................................................1015
库 A.3. 再谈 IO 库 ..............................................................................................................1018
A.3.1. 格式状态.......................................................................................................1018
A.3.2. 许多操纵符改变格式状态...........................................................................1019
A.3.3. 控制输出格式...............................................................................................1020
A.3.4. 控制输入格式化...........................................................................................1027
A.3.5. 未格式化的输入／输出操作.......................................................................1027
A.3.6. 单字节操作...................................................................................................1028
A.3.7. 多字节操作...................................................................................................1029
警告：低级例程容易出错.................................................................................................1030
A.3.8. 流的随机访问...............................................................................................1031
A.3.9. 读写同一文件...............................................................................................1034
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