操作系统教材.pdf

CH1 操作系统概论 ............................................................................................................................11.1 操作系统概观............................................................................................................................11.1.1 操作系统的定义和目标.....................................................................................................11.1.2 操作系统的作用与功能.....................................................................................................21.1.3 操作系统的主要特性.........................................................................................................41.2 操作系统的形成和发展............................................................................................................61.2.1 人工操作阶段.....................................................................................................................61.2.2 管理程序阶段.....................................................................................................................61.2.3 多道程序设计与操作系统的形成.....................................................................................81.2.4 操作系统的发展与分类...................................................................................................111.3 操作系统提供的服务和用户接口..........................................................................................181.3.1 操作系统提供的基本服务...............................................................................................181.3.2 操作系统提供的用户接口...............................................................................................191.3.3 程序接口与系统调用.......................................................................................................201.3.4 操作接口与系统程序.......................................................................................................221.4 操作系统的结构设计..............................................................................................................261.4.1 操作系统的构件...............................................................................................................261.4.2 整体式结构的操作系统...................................................................................................291.4.3 层次式结构的操作系统...................................................................................................291.4.4 虚拟机结构的操作系统...................................................................................................311.4.5 客户/服务器与微内核结构的操作系统..........................................................................321.4.6 操作系统功能的实现模型...............................................................................................351.4.7 实例研究：Windows 2000/XP 客户/服务器结构 ...........................................................371.5 流行操作系统简介..................................................................................................................411.5.1 DOS 操作系统...................................................................................................................411.5.2 Windows 操作系统............................................................................................................421.5.3 UNIX 操作系统家族 .........................................................................................................441.5.4 自由软件和 Linux 操作系统............................................................................................451.5.5 IBM 系列操作系统 ...........................................................................................................471.5.6 其他流行操作系统...........................................................................................................491.6 本章小结..................................................................................................................................50CH2 处理器管理 ..............................................................................................................................562.1 中央处理器..............................................................................................................................562.1.1 单处理器系统和多处理器系统.......................................................................................562.1.2 寄存器 ..............................................................................................................................572.1.3 机器指令与特权指令.......................................................................................................582.1.4 处理器状态.......................................................................................................................582.1.5 程序状态字寄存器...........................................................................................................59V2.2 中断技术..................................................................................................................................602.2.1 中断的概念.......................................................................................................................602.2.2 中断源分类.......................................................................................................................602.2.3 中断装置 ..........................................................................................................................612.2.4 中断处理程序...................................................................................................................632.2.5 中断事件的具体处理方法...............................................................................................632.2.6 中断的优先级和多重中断...............................................................................................682.2.7 实例研究：Windows 2000/XP 中断处理 ........................................................................692.2.8 实例研究：Solaris 中断处理 ..........................................................................................752.2.9 实例研究：Linux 中断处理.............................................................................................762.3 进程及其实现..........................................................................................................................792.3.1 进程的定义和属性...........................................................................................................792.3.2 进程的状态和转换...........................................................................................................802.3.3 进程的描述.......................................................................................................................832.3.4 进程切换与模式切换.......................................................................................................872.3.5 进程的控制.......................................................................................................................882.3.6 实例研究：UNIX SVR4 进程管理...................................................................................912.3.7 实例研究：Linux 进程管理.............................................................................................942.4 线程及其实现..........................................................................................................................972.4.1 引入多线程技术的动机...................................................................................................972.4.2 多线程环境中的进程与线程...........................................................................................982.4.3 线程的实现.....................................................................................................................1032.4.4 实例研究：Solaris 的进程与线程 ................................................................................1062.4.5 实例研究：Windows 2000/XP 的进程与线程 ..............................................................1102.5 处理器调度............................................................................................................................1162.5.1 处理器调度的层次.........................................................................................................1172.5.2 高级调度.........................................................................................................................1172.5.3 中级调度 ........................................................................................................................1182.5.4 低级调度 ........................................................................................................................1182.5.5 选择调度算法的原则.....................................................................................................1192.6 批处理作业的管理与调度....................................................................................................1192.6.1 作业和进程的关系.........................................................................................................1192.6.2 批处理作业的管理.........................................................................................................1202.6.3 批处理作业的调度.........................................................................................................1212.6.4 作业调度算法.................................................................................................................1212.7 低级调度................................................................................................................................1242.7.1 低级调度的功能.............................................................................................................1242.7.2 低级调度算法.................................................................................................................1242.7.3 实时调度 ........................................................................................................................1272.7.4 多处理器调度.................................................................................................................1282.7.5 实例研究：UNIX SVR4 调度算法.................................................................................1322.7.6 实例研究：Windows 2000/XP 调度算法 ......................................................................133VI2.7.7 实例研究：Linux 调度算法...........................................................................................1402.8 本章小结................................................................................................................................143CH3 并发进程 ................................................................................................................................1513.1 并发进程................................................................................................................................1513.1.1 顺序程序设计.................................................................................................................1513.1.2 进程的并发性.................................................................................................................1513.1.3 与时间有关的错误.........................................................................................................1533.1.4 进程的交互（Interaction Among Processes）：协作和竞争........................................1553.2 临界区管理............................................................................................................................1563.2.1 互斥和临界区.................................................................................................................1563.2.2 临界区管理的尝试.........................................................................................................1573.2.3 实现临界区管理的软件方法.........................................................................................1583.2.4 实现临界区管理的硬件设施.........................................................................................1603.3 信号量与 PV 操作.................................................................................................................1623.3.1 同步和同步机制.............................................................................................................1623.3.2 记录型信号量与 PV 操作..............................................................................................1633.3.3 用记录型信号量实现互斥.............................................................................................1663.3.4 记录型信号量解决生产者-消费者问题 .......................................................................1683.3.5 记录型信号量解决读者-写者问题 ...............................................................................1703.3.6 记录型信号量解决理发师问题.....................................................................................1723.4 管程........................................................................................................................................1723.4.1 管程和条件变量.............................................................................................................1723.4.2 Hoare 方法实现管程.......................................................................................................1753.4.3 Hanson 方法实现管程....................................................................................................1783.5 进程通信................................................................................................................................1843.5.1 信号通信机制.................................................................................................................1843.5.2 共享文件通信机制` .......................................................................................................1853.5.3 共享存储区通信机制.....................................................................................................1883.5.4 消息传递通信机制.........................................................................................................1893.5.5 有关消息传递实现的若干问题.....................................................................................1923.6 死锁........................................................................................................................................1953.6.1 死锁的产生.....................................................................................................................1953.6.2 死锁的定义.....................................................................................................................1963.6.3 死锁的防止.....................................................................................................................1973.6.4 死锁的避免.....................................................................................................................1983.6.5 死锁的检测和解除.........................................................................................................2063.7 实例研究：WINDOWS 2000/XP 的同步和通信机制 ...........................................................2093.7.1 Windows 2000/XP 的同步和互斥机制 ...........................................................................2093.7.2 Windows2000/XP 进程通信机制 ....................................................................................2103.8 实例研究：LINUX 信号量机制.............................................................................................2113.9 本章小结................................................................................................................................212 VIICH4 存储管理 ................................................................................................................................2254.1 主存储器................................................................................................................................2254.1.1 存储器的层次.................................................................................................................2254.1.2 快速缓存（caching）....................................................................................................2264.1.3 地址转换与存储保护.....................................................................................................2274.2 连续存储空间管理................................................................................................................2274.2.1 单用户连续存储管理.....................................................................................................2274.2.2 固定分区存储管理.........................................................................................................2294.2.3 可变分区存储管理.........................................................................................................2304.3 分页式存储管理....................................................................................................................2354.3.1 分页式存储管理的基本原理.........................................................................................2354.3.2 相联存储器和快表.........................................................................................................2364.3.3 分页式存储空间的分配和去配.....................................................................................2374.3.4 分页存储空间的页面共享和保护.................................................................................2384.3.5 多级页表 ........................................................................................................................2384.3.6 反置页表 ........................................................................................................................2404.4 分段式存储管理....................................................................................................................2414.4.1 程序的分段结构.............................................................................................................2414.4.2 分段式存储管理的基本原理.........................................................................................2414.4.3 段的共享 ........................................................................................................................2434.4.4 分段和分页的比较.........................................................................................................2434.5 虚拟存储管理........................................................................................................................2434.5.1 虚拟存储器的概念.........................................................................................................2434.5.2 请求分页虚拟存储管理.................................................................................................2454.5.3 请求分段虚拟存储管理.................................................................................................2614.5.4 请求段页式虚拟存储管理.............................................................................................2624.6 实例研究：INTEL X86/PENTIUM 存储管理硬件设施...........................................................2634.6.1 Intel x86/Pentium 段机制——段选择符和段描述符 ....................................................2644.6.2 Intel x86/Pentium 运行模式选择....................................................................................2654.6.3 Intel x86/Pentium 地址转换............................................................................................2654.6.4 Intel x86/Pentium 页式或段页式地址转换 ....................................................................2664.7 实例研究：WINDOWS 2000/XP 虚拟存储管理 ...................................................................2684.7.1 进程地址空间布局.........................................................................................................2684.7.2 用户空间内存分配.........................................................................................................2694.7.3 内存管理的实现.............................................................................................................2734.8 实例研究：LINUX 的存储管理.............................................................................................2794.8.1 Linux 存储管理概述 .......................................................................................................2794.8.2 虚拟地址空间的组织和管理.........................................................................................2794.8.3 物理内存空间的管理.....................................................................................................2804.8.4 用户态内存的申请与释放.............................................................................................2814.8.5 内存的共享和保护.........................................................................................................282VIII4.8.6 交换空间、页面的换出和调入.....................................................................................2834.8.7 缓冲机制 ........................................................................................................................2844.9 本章小结................................................................................................................................285CH5 设备管理 ................................................................................................................................2925.1 I/O 硬件原理 ..........................................................................................................................2925.1.1 I/O 系统...........................................................................................................................2925.1.2 I/O 控制方式...................................................................................................................2935.1.3 设备控制器.....................................................................................................................2975.2 I/O 软件原理 ..........................................................................................................................2985.2.1 I/O 软件的设计目标和原则 ...........................................................................................2985.2.2 I/O 中断处理程序 ...........................................................................................................2995.2.3 设备驱动程序.................................................................................................................3005.2.4 与硬件无关的操作系统 I/O 软件 .................................................................................3005.2.5 用户空间的 I/O 软件 .....................................................................................................3025.3 具有通道的 I/O 系统管理.....................................................................................................3025.3.1 通道命令和通道程序.....................................................................................................3025.3.2 I/O 指令和主机 I/O 程序................................................................................................3045.3.3 通道启动和 I/O 操作过程 .............................................................................................3055.4 缓冲技术................................................................................................................................3065.4.1 单缓冲 ............................................................................................................................3065.4.2 双缓冲 ............................................................................................................................3075.4.3 多缓冲 ............................................................................................................................3075.5 驱动调度技术........................................................................................................................3085.5.1 存储设备的物理结构.....................................................................................................3085.5.2 循环排序 ........................................................................................................................3095.5.3 优化分布 ........................................................................................................................3105.5.4 交替地址 ........................................................................................................................3115.5.5 搜查定位 ........................................................................................................................3115.5.6 独立磁盘冗余阵列.........................................................................................................3135.5.7 提高磁盘 I/O 速度的一些方法 .....................................................................................3165.6 设备分配................................................................................................................................3165.6.1 设备独立性.....................................................................................................................3165.6.2 设备分配 ........................................................................................................................3175.7 虚拟设备................................................................................................................................3185.7.1 问题的提出.....................................................................................................................3185.7.2 SPOOLING 的设计和实现 .............................................................................................3195.7.3 SPOOLING 应用例子 .....................................................................................................3215.8 实例研究：WINDOWS 2000/XP 的 I/O 系统........................................................................3215.8.1 Windows 2000/XP I/O 系统结构和组件.........................................................................3215.8.2 Windows 2000/XP I/O 系统的数据结构.........................................................................3255.8.3 Windows2000/XP 设备驱动程序 ....................................................................................328IX5.8.4 Windows 2000/XP I/O 处理.............................................................................................3315.8.5 Windows 2000／XP 高速缓存管理 ................................................................................3335.9 实例研究：LINUX 设备管理.................................................................................................3445.9.1 Linux 设备管理概述 .......................................................................................................3445.9.2 Linux 硬盘管理 ...............................................................................................................3455.9.3 Linux 网络设备 ...............................................................................................................3465.9.4 Linux 设备驱动程序 .......................................................................................................3475.10 本章小结..............................................................................................................................347CH6 文件管理 ................................................................................................................................3526.1 文件........................................................................................................................................3526.1.1 文件的概念.....................................................................................................................3526.1.2 文件的命名.....................................................................................................................3536.1.3 文件的类型.....................................................................................................................3536.1.4 文件的属性.....................................................................................................................3546.1.5 文件的存取方法.............................................................................................................3556.1.6 文件的使用.....................................................................................................................3566.2 文件目录................................................................................................................................3576.2.1 文件目录与文件目录项.................................................................................................3576.2.2 一级目录结构.................................................................................................................3586.2.3 二级目录结构.................................................................................................................3586.2.4 树形目录结构.................................................................................................................3596.3 文件组织与数据存储............................................................................................................3616.3.1 文件的存储.....................................................................................................................3616.3.2 文件的逻辑结构.............................................................................................................3616.3.3 文件的物理结构.............................................................................................................3656.4 文件系统其他功能的实现....................................................................................................3716.4.1 文件操作的实现.............................................................................................................3716.4.2 UNIX/Linux 文件操作系统调用.....................................................................................3726.4.3 文件卷的安装和使用.....................................................................................................3756.4.4 文件共享 ........................................................................................................................3776.4.5 层次式文件系统模型.....................................................................................................3826.4.6 辅存空间管理.................................................................................................................3836.4.7 内存映射文件.................................................................................................................3856.4.8 虚拟文件系统.................................................................................................................3866.5 实例研究：LINUX 文件管理.................................................................................................3876.5.1 Linux 文件管理概述 .......................................................................................................3876.5.2 Linux 文件系统的安装和管理........................................................................................3886.5.3 虚拟文件系统 VFS.........................................................................................................3896.5.4 文件系统管理的缓冲机制.............................................................................................3926.5.5 系统打开文件表.............................................................................................................3946.5.6 EXT2 文件系统 ...............................................................................................................395X6.6 实例研究：WINDOWS 2000/XP 文件系统 ...........................................................................3976.6.1 Windows 2000/XP 文件系统概述 ...................................................................................3976.6.2 Windows2000/XP 文件系统模型和 FSD 体系结构.......................................................3986.6.3 NTFS 文件系统驱动程序 ...............................................................................................4016.6.4 NTFS 在磁盘上的结构 ...................................................................................................4026.6.5 NTFS 可恢复性支持 .......................................................................................................4056.6.6 NTFS 安全性支持 ...........................................................................................................4056.7 本章小结................................................................................................................................406CH7 操作系统的安全与保护 ........................................................................................................4117.1 安全性概述............................................................................................................................4117.2 安全威胁及其类型................................................................................................................4117.3 保护........................................................................................................................................4157.3.1 操作系统保护层次 .........................................................................................................4157.3.2 内存储器的保护 .............................................................................................................4157.3.3 面向用户的访问控制 .....................................................................................................4157.3.4 面向数据的访问控制 .....................................................................................................4167.4 入侵者....................................................................................................................................4167.4.1 入侵技术 .........................................................................................................................4167.4.2 口令保护 .........................................................................................................................4177.4.3 入侵检测 .........................................................................................................................4207.5 病毒（恶意软件）................................................................................................................4217.5.1 病毒及其威胁 .................................................................................................................4217.5.2 病毒的特性 .....................................................................................................................4237.5.3 病毒的类型 .....................................................................................................................4237.5.4 反病毒的方法 .................................................................................................................4237.5.5 电子邮件病毒 .................................................................................................................4257.6 保护的基本机制、策略与模型............................................................................................4267.6.1 机制、策略与模型 .........................................................................................................4267.6.2 身份认证机制 .................................................................................................................4387.6.3 授权机制 .........................................................................................................................4427.6.4 加密机制 .........................................................................................................................4527.6.5 审计 .................................................................................................................................4567.7 实例研究：WINDOWS 2000/XP 的安全机制 .......................................................................4577.7.1.Windows 2000/XP 安全性概述.......................................................................................4577.7.2.Windows2000/XP 安全性系统组件................................................................................4577.7.3.Windows2000/XP 保护对象............................................................................................4587.7.4.访问控制策略 .................................................................................................................4587.7.5.访问令牌 .........................................................................................................................4597.7.6.安全描述符 .....................................................................................................................4597.8 本章小结................................................................................................................................461CH8 网络和分布式操作系统 ........................................................................................................465XI8.1 计算机网络概述....................................................................................................................4658.1.1 计算机网络的概念.........................................................................................................4658.1.2 数据通信基本概念.........................................................................................................4678.1.3 网络体系结构.................................................................................................................4688.2 网络操作系统........................................................................................................................4748.2.1 网络操作系统概述.........................................................................................................4748.2.2 几个流行的网络操作系统.............................................................................................4758.2.3 网络操作系统实例.........................................................................................................4758.3 分布式操作系统....................................................................................................................4778.3.1 分布式系统概述.............................................................................................................4778.3.2 分布式进程通信.............................................................................................................4788.3.3 分布式资源管理.............................................................................................................4848.3.4 分布式进程同步.............................................................................................................4858.3.5 分布式系统中的死锁.....................................................................................................4958.3.6 分布式文件系统.............................................................................................................4978.3.7 分布式进程迁移.............................................................................................................5028.4 实例研究：WINDOWS2000 网络体系结构和网络服务.......................................................5048.4.1 Windows 2000 网络体系结构 .........................................................................................5048.4.2 WindowS 2000 的层次化网络服务.................................................................................5188.5 本章小结................................................................................................................................522