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android_canvas详解_

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Android中使用图形处理引擎,2D部分是android SDK内部自己提供,3D部分是用Open GL ES 1.0。今天我们主要要了解的是2D相关的,如果你想看3D的话那么可以跳过这篇文章。

大部分2D使用的api都在android.graphics和android.graphics.drawable包中。他们提供了图形处理相关的: Canvas、ColorFilter、Point(点)和RetcF(矩形)等,还有一些动画相关的:AnimationDrawable、 BitmapDrawable和TransitionDrawable等。以图形处理来说,我们最常用到的就是在一个View上画一些图片、形状或者自定义的文本内容,这里我们都是使用Canvas来实现的。你可以获取View中的Canvas对象,绘制一些自定义形状,然后调用View. invalidate方法让View重新刷新,然后绘制一个新的形状,这样达到2D动画效果。下面我们就主要来了解下Canvas的使用方法。

Canvas对象的获取方式有两种:一种我们通过重写View.onDraw方法,View中的Canvas对象会被当做参数传递过来,我们操作这个Canvas,效果会直接反应在View中。另一种就是当你想创建一个Canvas对象时使用的方法:

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Bitmap
b = Bitmap.createBitmap(100, 100, Bitmap.Config.ARGB_8888);  

Canvas
c =newCanvas(b);

上面代码创建了一个尺寸是100*100的Bitmap,使用它作为Canvas操作的对象,这时候的Canvas就是使用创建的方式。当你使用创建的Canvas在bitmap上执行绘制方法后,你还可以将绘制的结果提交给另外一个Canvas,这样就可以达到两个Canvas协作完成的效果,简化逻辑。但是android SDK建议使用View.onDraw参数里提供的Canvas就好,没必要自己创建一个新的Canvas对象。接下来我们看看Canvas提供我们哪些绘制图形的方法。我们创建一个自定义View对象,使用onDraw方法提供的Canvas进行绘制图形。

CanvasDemoActivity.java:

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package
com.android777.demo.uicontroller.graphics;  

                                                                                                                                  

import
android.app.Activity;  

import
android.content.Context;  

import
android.graphics.Canvas;  

import
android.graphics.Color;  

import
android.graphics.Paint;  

import
android.os.Bundle;  

import
android.view.View;  

                                                                                                                                  

public
class CanvasDemoActivity extends Activity {  

                                                                                                                                  

    @Override  

    protected
void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {  

        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);  

                                                                                                                                  

        setContentView(newCustomView1(this));  

                                                                                                                                  

    }  

                                                                                                                                  

    /**  

     *
使用内部类 自定义一个简单的View  

     *
@author Administrator  

     *  

     */

    class
CustomView1 extends View{  

                                                                                                                                  

        Paint
paint;  

                                                                                                                                  

        public
CustomView1(Context context) {  

            super(context);  

            paint
=newPaint();//设置一个笔刷大小是3的黄色的画笔  

            paint.setColor(Color.YELLOW);  

            paint.setStrokeJoin(Paint.Join.ROUND);  

            paint.setStrokeCap(Paint.Cap.ROUND);  

            paint.setStrokeWidth(3);  

        }  

                                                                                                                                  

        //在这里我们将测试canvas提供的绘制图形方法  

        @Override  

        protected
void onDraw(Canvas canvas) {  

                                                                                                                                  

        }  

                                                                                                                                  

    }  

                                                                                                                                  

}

执行结果是一片黑色的区域,因为在自定义的CustomView1中,我们没有做任何的绘制操作。canvas提供的绘制图形的方法都是以draw开头的,我们可以查看api:

Css_bugtester

从上面方法的名字看来我们可以知道Canvas可以绘制的对象有:弧线(arcs)、填充颜色(argb和color)、 Bitmap、圆(circle和oval)、点(point)、线(line)、矩形(Rect)、图片(Picture)、圆角矩形 (RoundRect)、文本(text)、顶点(Vertices)、路径(path)。通过组合这些对象我们可以画出一些简单有趣的界面出来,但是光有这些功能还是不够的,如果我要画一个仪表盘(数字围绕显示在一个圆圈中)呢? 幸好Android还提供了一些对Canvas位置转换的方法:rorate、scale、translate、skew(扭曲)等,而且它允许你通过获得它的转换矩阵对象(getMatrix方法,不知道什么是转换矩阵?看这里) 直接操作它。这些操作就像是虽然你的笔还是原来的地方画,但是画纸旋转或者移动了,所以你画的东西的方位就产生变化。为了方便一些转换操作,Canvas 还提供了保存和回滚属性的方法(save和restore),比如你可以先保存目前画纸的位置(save),然后旋转90度,向下移动100像素后画一些图形,画完后调用restore方法返回到刚才保存的位置。下面我们就演示下canvas的一些简单用法:

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protected
void onDraw(Canvas canvas) {  

                                                                                                                                  

    canvas.drawCircle(100,
100, 90, paint);  

}

效果是:

android_canvas详解_ Android平台开发-第2张

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@Override  

protected
void onDraw(Canvas canvas) {  

                                                                                                                                  

    //绘制弧线区域  

                                                                                                                                  

    RectF
rect =newRectF(0, 0, 100, 100);  

                                                                                                                                  

    canvas.drawArc(rect,//弧线所使用的矩形区域大小  

            0, //开始角度  

            90,//扫过的角度  

            false,//是否使用中心  

            paint);  

                                                                                                                                  

}

android_canvas详解_ Android平台开发-第3张

使用下面的代码:

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protected
void onDraw(Canvas canvas) {  

                                                                                                                                  

    //绘制弧线区域  

                                                                                                                                  

    RectF
rect =newRectF(0, 0, 100, 100);  

                                                                                                                                  

    canvas.drawArc(rect,//弧线所使用的矩形区域大小  

            0, //开始角度  

            90,//扫过的角度  

            true,//是否使用中心  

            paint);  

                                                                                                                                  

}

android_canvas详解_ Android平台开发-第4张

两图对比我们可以发现,当 drawArcs(rect,startAngel,sweepAngel,useCenter,paint)中的useCenter为false时,弧线区域是用弧线开始角度和结束角度直接连接起来的,当useCenter为true时,是弧线开始角度和结束角度都与中心点连接,形成一个扇形。

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protected
void onDraw(Canvas canvas) {  

                                                                                                                                  

    canvas.drawColor(Color.BLUE);  

                                                                                                                                  

}

android_canvas详解_ Android平台开发-第5张

canvas.drawColor是直接将View显示区域用某个颜色填充满。

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@Override  

protected
void onDraw(Canvas canvas) {  

                                                                                                                                  

    //画一条线  

    canvas.drawLine(10,
10, 100, 100, paint);  

                                                                                                                                  

}

android_canvas详解_ Android平台开发-第6张

Canvas.drawOval:

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@Override  

protected
void onDraw(Canvas canvas) {  

                                                                                                                                  

    //定义一个矩形区域  

    RectF
oval =newRectF(0,0,200,300);  

    //矩形区域内切椭圆  

    canvas.drawOval(oval,
paint);  

                                                                                                                                  

}

android_canvas详解_ Android平台开发-第7张

canvas.drawPosText:

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@Override  

protected
void onDraw(Canvas canvas) {  

                                                                                                                                  

    //按照既定点
绘制文本内容  

    canvas.drawPosText("Android777",newfloat[]{  

            10,10,//第一个字母在坐标10,10  

            20,20,//第二个字母在坐标20,20  

            30,30,//....  

            40,40,  

            50,50,  

            60,60,  

            70,70,  

            80,80,  

            90,90,  

            100,100  

    },
paint);  

                                                                                                                                  

}

android_canvas详解_ Android平台开发-第8张

canvas.drawRect:

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@Override  

    protected
void onDraw(Canvas canvas) {  

                                                                                                                                  

        RectF
rect =newRectF(50, 50, 200, 200);  

                                                                                                                                  

        canvas.drawRect(rect,
paint);  

                                                                                                                                  

    }  

                                                                                                                                  

}

android_canvas详解_ Android平台开发-第9张

canvas.drawRoundRect:

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@Override  

protected
void onDraw(Canvas canvas) {  

                                                                                                                                  

    RectF
rect =newRectF(50, 50, 200, 200);  

                                                                                                                                  

    canvas.drawRoundRect(rect,  

                        30,//x轴的半径  

                        30,//y轴的半径  

                        paint);  

                                                                                                                                  

}

android_canvas详解_ Android平台开发-第10张

canvas.drawPath:

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@Override  

protected
void onDraw(Canvas canvas) {  

                                                                                                                                  

    Path
path =newPath();//定义一条路径  

    path.moveTo(10,
10);//移动到
坐标10,10  

    path.lineTo(50,
60);  

    path.lineTo(200,80);  

    path.lineTo(10,
10);  

                                                                                                                                  

    canvas.drawPath(path,
paint);  

                                                                                                                                  

}

android_canvas详解_ Android平台开发-第11张

canvas.drawTextOnPath:

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@Override  

        protected
void onDraw(Canvas canvas) {  

                                                                                                                                  

            Path
path =newPath();//定义一条路径  

            path.moveTo(10,
10);//移动到
坐标10,10  

            path.lineTo(50,
60);  

            path.lineTo(200,80);  

            path.lineTo(10,
10);  

                                                                                                                                  

//         
canvas.drawPath(path, paint);  

            canvas.drawTextOnPath("Android777开发者博客",
path, 10, 10, paint);  

                                                                                                                                  

        }

android_canvas详解_ Android平台开发-第12张

位置转换方法,canvas.rorate和canvas.translate:

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@Override  

protected
void onDraw(Canvas canvas) {  

                                                                                                                                  

    paint.setAntiAlias(true);  

    paint.setStyle(Style.STROKE);  

    canvas.translate(canvas.getWidth()/2,
200);//将位置移动画纸的坐标点:150,150  

    canvas.drawCircle(0,
0, 100, paint);//画圆圈  

                                                                                                                                  

    //使用path绘制路径文字  

    canvas.save();  

    canvas.translate(-75,
-75);  

    Path
path =newPath();  

    path.addArc(newRectF(0,0,150,150), -180, 180);  

    Paint
citePaint =newPaint(paint);  

    citePaint.setTextSize(14);  

    citePaint.setStrokeWidth(1);  

    canvas.drawTextOnPath("http://www.android777.com",
path, 28, 0, citePaint);  

    canvas.restore();  

                                                                                                                                  

    Paint
tmpPaint =newPaint(paint);//小刻度画笔对象  

    tmpPaint.setStrokeWidth(1);  

                                                                                                                                  

    float 
y=100;  

    int
count = 60;//总刻度数  

                                                                                                                                  

    for(int
i=0 ; i <count ; i ){  

        if(i%5
== 0){  

            canvas.drawLine(0f,
y, 0, y 12f, paint);  

            canvas.drawText(String.valueOf(i/5 1),
-4f, y 25f, tmpPaint);  

                                                                                                                                  

        }else{  

            canvas.drawLine(0f,
y, 0f, y 5f, tmpPaint);  

        }  

        canvas.rotate(360/count,0f,0f);//旋转画纸  

    }  

                                                                                                                                  

    //绘制指针  

    tmpPaint.setColor(Color.GRAY);  

    tmpPaint.setStrokeWidth(4);  

    canvas.drawCircle(0,
0, 7, tmpPaint);  

    tmpPaint.setStyle(Style.FILL);  

    tmpPaint.setColor(Color.YELLOW);  

    canvas.drawCircle(0,
0, 5, tmpPaint);  

    canvas.drawLine(0,
10, 0, -65, paint);  

                                                                                                                                  

}

android_canvas详解_ Android平台开发-第13张

上面几个例子基本已经将常用的canvas.draw*方法测试过了,我们结合一些事件,做一些有用户交互的应用:

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package
com.android777.demo.uicontroller.graphics;  

                                                                                                                                  

import
java.util.ArrayList;  

                                                                                                                                  

import
android.app.Activity;  

import
android.content.Context;  

import
android.graphics.Canvas;  

import
android.graphics.Color;  

import
android.graphics.Paint;  

import
android.graphics.PointF;  

import
android.os.Bundle;  

import
android.view.MotionEvent;  

import
android.view.View;  

                                                                                                                                  

public
class CanvasDemoActivity extends Activity {  

                                                                                                                                  

    @Override  

    protected
void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {  

        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);  

                                                                                                                                  

        setContentView(newCustomView1(this));  

                                                                                                                                  

    }  

                                                                                                                                  

    /**  

     *
使用内部类 自定义一个简单的View  

     *
@author Administrator  

     *  

     */

    class
CustomView1 extends View{  

                                                                                                                                  

        Paint
paint;  

        private
ArrayList<PointF> graphics =newArrayList<PointF>();  

        PointF
point;  

                                                                                                                                  

        public
CustomView1(Context context) {  

            super(context);  

            paint
=newPaint();//设置一个笔刷大小是3的黄色的画笔  

            paint.setColor(Color.YELLOW);  

            paint.setStrokeJoin(Paint.Join.ROUND);  

            paint.setStrokeCap(Paint.Cap.ROUND);  

            paint.setStrokeWidth(3);  

                                                                                                                                  

        }  

                                                                                                                                  

        @Override  

        public
boolean onTouchEvent(MotionEvent event) {  

                                                                                                                                  

            graphics.add(newPointF(event.getX(),event.getY()));  

                                                                                                                                  

            invalidate();//重新绘制区域  

                                                                                                                                  

            returntrue;  

        }  

                                                                                                                                  

        //在这里我们将测试canvas提供的绘制图形方法  

        @Override  

        protected
void onDraw(Canvas canvas) {  

            for(PointF point : graphics) {  

                canvas.drawPoint(point.x,
point.y, paint);  

            }  

//         
super.onDraw(canvas);  

                                                                                                                                  

        }  

    }  

                                                                                                                                  

}

当用户点击时将出现一个小点,拖动时将画出一条用细点组成的虚线:

android_canvas详解_ Android平台开发-第14张

canvas的应用


canva还可以制作很多自定义控件,比如google日历的monthview就是用canvas绘制出来的,github上有很多使用canva的项目,所有的图表库都是用canvas绘制的。

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